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The United States of America and His Majesty the Kingof the Hawaiian Islands, equally animated with the desireof maintaining the relations of good understanding whichhave hitherto so happily subsisted between their respective states, and consolidating the commercial intercoursebetween them, have agreed to enter into negotiations forthe conclusion of a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce andNavigation, for which purpose they have appointed plenipotentiaries, that is to say:
The President of the United States of America, John M.Clayton, Secretary of State of the United States; and HisMajesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, James JacksonJarves, accredited as his Special Commissioner to the Government of the United States; who, after having exchangedtheir full powers, found in good and due form, have concluded and signed the following articles:
There shall be perpetual peace and amity between theUnited States and the King of the Hawaiian Islands, hisheirs and his successors.
There shall be reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Islands. No duty of customs, or other impost, shall be chargedupon any goods, the produce or manufacture of one country, upon importation from such country into the other,other or higher than the duty or impost charged upongoods of the same kind, the produce of manufacture of, orimported from, any other country; and the United Statesof America and His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands do hereby engage, that the subjects or citizens of anyother state shall not enjoy any favor, privilege, or immunity, whatever, in matters of commerce and navigation,which shall not also, at the same time, be extended to thesubjects or citizens of the other contracting party, gratuitously, if the concession in favor of that other State shall have been gratuitous, and in return for a compensation, as nearly as possible of proportionate value and effect, to beadjusted by mutual agreement, if the concession shall havebeen conditional.
All articles the produce or manufacture of either countrywhich can legally be imported into either country from theother, in ships of that other country, and thence coming,shall, when so imported, be subject to the same duties, andenjoy the same privileges, whether imported in ships of theone country, or in ships of the other; and in like manner,all goods which can legally be exported or re-exported fromeither country to the other, in ships of that other country,shall, when so exported or reexported, be subject to thesame duties, and be entitled to the same privileges, drawbacks, bounties, and allowances, whether exported in shipsof the one country, or in ships of the other: and all goodsand articles, of whatever( description, not being' of theproduce of manufacture of the United States, which can belegally imported into the Sandwich Islands shall when soimported In vessels of the United States pay no other orhigher duties, imposts, or charges than shall be payableupon the like goods, and articles, when imported in thevessels of the most favored foreign nation other than thenation of which the said goods and articles are the produceor manufacture.
No duties of tonnage, harbor, lighthouses, pilotage,quarantine, or other similar duties, of whatever nature, orunder whatever denomination, shall be imposed in eithercountry upon the vessels of the other, in respect of voyagesbetween the United States of America and the HawaiianIslands, if laden, or in respect of any voyage, if in ballast,which shall not be equally imposed in the like cases on national vessels.
It hereby declared, that the stipulations of the presenttreaty are not to be understood as applying to the navigation and carrying trade between one port and another situated in the state of either contracting party, such navigation and trade being reserved exclusively to national vessels.
Steam vessel of the United States which may be employed by the Government of the said States, in the carrying of their Public Mail across the Pacific Ocean, of from one port in that ocean to another, shall have free access to the ports of the Sandwich Islands, with the privilege of stopping therein to refit, to refresh, to land passengers and their baggage, and for the transaction of any business pertaining to the public Mail service of the United States, and be subject in such ports to no duties of tonnage, harbor, lighthouses, quarantine, or other similar duties of whatever nature of under whatever denomination.
The Whaleships of the United States shall have accessto the Port of Hilo, Kealakekua and Hanalei in the Sandwich Islands, for the purposes of refitment and refreshment, as well as to the ports of Honolulu and Lahaina which only are ports of entry for all Merchant vessels, and in all the above named ports, they shall be permitted to trade or barter their supplies or goods, excepting spirituous liquors, to the amount of two hundred dollars ad va lorem for each vessel, without paying any charge for tonnage or harbor dues of any description, or any duties or imposts whatever upon the goods or articles so traded or bartered. They shall also be permitted; with the like exemption from all chargers for tonnage and harbor dues, further to trade or barter, with the same exception as to spiritous licquors, to the additional amount of one thousand dollars ad valorum, for each vessel, paying upon the additional goods and articles so traded and bartered, no other or higher duties, than are payable on like goods and articles, when imported in the vessels and by the citizens or subject of the most favored foreign nation.
They shall so be permitted to pass from port to port of the Sandwich Islands for the purpose of procuring refreshments, but they shall not discharge their seamen or land their passenger in the said Islands, except at Lahaina and Honolulu; and in all the ports named to this article, the whale ships of the United States shall enjoy in all respects, whatsoever, all the rights, privileges and immunities which are enjoyed by, or shall be granted to, the whale ships of the most favored foreign nation. The like privilege of frequenting the three ports of the Sandwich Islands, above named in this article, not being ports of entry for merchant vessels, is also guaranteed to all the public armed vessels of the United States. But nothing in this article shall be construed as authorizing any vessel of the United States, having on board any disease usually regarded as requiring quarantine, to enter during the continuance of such disease on board, any port of the Sandwich Islands, other than Lahaina or Honolulu.
The contracting parties engage, in regard to the personalprivileges, that the citizens of the United States of Americashall enjoy in the dominion of His Majesty the King of theHawaiian Islands, and the subjects of his said Majesty inthe United States of America, that they shall have freeand undoubted right to travel and to reside in the statesof the two high contracting parties, subject to the sameprecaution a police which are practiced towards the subjects or citizens of the most favored nations. They shall beentitled to occupy dwellings and warships, and to dispose of their personal property of every kind and description, by sale, gift, exchange, will, or in any other way whatever, without the smallest hindrance or obstacle; and their heir or representatives, being subject or citizens of the other contracting party, shall succeed to their personal goods, whether by testament or ab intestato; and may take possession thereof, either by themselves or by others acting for them, and dispose of same by will, paying to the profit of the respective governments, such dues only as the inhabitants of the country wherein said goods are, shall be subject to pain in like cases. And in case of the absence of the heir and representative, such care shall be taken of said goods as would be taken of the goods of a native of the same country in like case, until the lawful owner may take measures for receiving them.
And if a question should aarise among several claimants as to which of them aid goods belong, the same shall be decided finally by the laws and judges of the land wherein the said goods are. Where, on the decease of any person holding real estate within the territories of one party, such real estate would, by the laws of the land, descend on a citizen or subject of the other, were he not disqualified by alienage, such citizen or subject shall be allowed a reasonable time to sell the same, and to with draw the proceeds without molestation and exempt from all duties of detraction on the part of the government of the respective states. The citizens or subjects of the contracting parties shall not be obligated to pay, under any pretence whatever, any taxes or impositions other or greater than those which are paid, or may hereafter be paid , by the subjects or citizens of most favored nations, in the respective states of the high contracting parties. They shall be exempt from all military service, whether by land or by sea; from forced loans; and from every extraordinary contribution not general and by law established. Their dwellings, warehouses, and all premises appertaining thereto, destined for the purposes of commerce or residence shall be respected.
No arbitrary search of , or visit to, their houses, and no arbitrary examination or inspection whatever of the books, papers, or accounts of their trade, shall be made; but such measures shall be executed only in conformity with the legal sentence of a competent tribunal; and each of the two contracting parties engage that the citizens or subjects of the other residing in their respective States shall enjoy their property and personal security, in as full and ample manner of their own citizens or subjects, of the subjects or citizens of the most favored nation, but subject alway to the laws and statutes of the two countries restively.
The citizen and subjects of each of the two contractingparties shall be free in the state of the other to managetheir own affairs themselves, or to commit those affairs tothe management of any persons whom they may appointas their broker, factor or agent; nor shall the citizens andsubjects of the two contracting parties be restrained intheir choice of person to act in such capacities, nor shallthey be called upon to pay and salary or remuneration toany person whom they shall not choose to employ.
Absolute freedom shall be given in all cases to the buyerand seller to bargain together and to fix the price of anygood or merchandise imported into, or to be exported fromthe state and dominions of the two contracting parties;save and except generally such case wherein the laws andusages of the country may require the intervention of anyspecial agent in the estate and dominion of the contracting parties. But nothing contained in this or any other article of the present Treaty shall be construed to authorizethe sale of spirituous liquors to the natives of the Sandwich Islands, further than such sale may be allowed by theHawaiian laws.
Each of the two contracting parties may have, in theports of the other, consul, vice consul, and commercialagent, of their own appointment, who shall enjoy thesame privileges and power with those of the most favorednations; but if any such consul shall exercise commerce,they shall be subject to the same law and usage to whichthe private individuals of their nation are subject in thesame place. The said Consul, vice consul, and commercial agents are authorized to require the assistance of thelocal authorities for the search, arrest, detention, and imprisonment of the deserters from the ships of war andmerchant vessels of their country. For this purpose, theyshall apply to the competent tribunal, judges and officers,and shall in writing demand the said deserters, proving,by the exhibition of the registers of the vessel, the rollsof the crews, or by other official document, that such individual formed part of the crew; and this reclamationbeing thus substantiated, the offender shall not be refused. Such deserters, when arrested shall be placed at thedisposal of the said consul, vice consul, or commercialagents, and may be confined in the public prison, at therequest and cost of those who all claim them, in orderto be detained until the time when they shall be restoredto the vessel to which they belonged, or sent back to theirown country by a vessel of the same nation or any othervessel whatsoever.
The agent, owners or masters of vessels on account of whom the deserters have been apprehended, upon requisition of the local authorities shall berequired to take or send away such deserters from thestate and dominions of the contracting parties, or givesuch security for their good conduct as the law may require. But if not sent back nor reclaimed within sixmonths from the day of their arrest, or if all the expensesof such imprisonment are not defrayed by the party causing such arrest and imprisonment, they shall be set at liberty and shall not be again arrested for the same cause.However, if the deserters should be found to have committed any crime or offense, their surrender may be delayed until the tribunal before which their case shall be depending, shall have pronounced its sentence, and such sentence shall have been carried into effect.
It is agreed that perfect and entire liberty of conscienceshall be enjoyed by the citizens and subjects of both thecontracting parties, in the countries of the one of the other,without their being liable to be disturbed or molested onaccount of their religious belief. But nothing contained inthis article shall be construed to interfere with the exclusive right of the Hawaiian Government to regulate for itself the schools which it may establish or support withinits jurisdiction.
If any ships of war or other vessels be wrecked on the coasts of the states or territories of either of the contracting parties, such ships or vessels, or any parts thereof, and all furniture and appurtenance belonging thereunto, and all goods and merchandise which shall be stored with the least possible delay to the proprietors, upon being claimed by them or their duly authorized factors; and if there are no such proprietors or factors on the spot, then the said goods and merchandise, or the proceeds thereof, as well as all the papers found on board such wrecked ships or vessels, shall be delivered to the American or Hawaiian consul, or vice consul, in whose district the wreck may have taken place; and such consul, vice consul, proprietors, or factors, shall pay on the expenses incurred in the preservation of the property, together with the rate of salvage, and expenses of quarantine which would have been payable in the like case of a wreck of a national vessel; and the goods and merchandise saved from the wreck shall not be subject to duties unless entered for consumption, it being understood that in case of any legal claim upon such wreck, goods, or merchandise, the same shall be referred for decision of the competent tribunals of the country.
The vessels of either of the two contracting partieswhich may be forced by weather or other causeinto one of the ports of the other, shall be exempt from allduties of port or navigation paid for the benefit of thestate, if the motives which led to their seeking refuge bereal and evident, and if no cargo be discharged or takenon board, save such as may relate to the substinence of thecrew, or be necessary for the repair of the vessels, and ifthey do not stay in port beyond the time necessary, keeping in view the cause which led to their seeking refuge.
The contracting parties mutually agree to surrender,upon official requisition, to the authority of each, all persons who, being charged with the crimes of murder, piracy,arson, robbery, forgery or the utterance of forged paper,committed within the jurisdiction of either, shall be foundwithin the territories of the other; provided, that this shallonly be done upon such evidence or criminality as, according to the laws of the place where the person so chargedshall be found, would justify his apprehension and commitment for trial if the crime had there been committed: and the respective judges and other magistrates of the twoGovernments, shall have authority, upon complaint made under oath, to issue a warrant for the apprehension of theperson do charged, that he may be brought before suchjudge or other magistrates respectively, to the end thatthe evidence of criminality may be heard and considered;and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficientto sustain the charge, it shall be the duty of the examiningjudge or magistrate to certify the same to the proper executive authority, that a warrant may issued for the surrender of such fugitive. The expense of such apprehension and delivery shall be borne and defrayed by the party whomakes the requisition and receives the fugitive.
So soon as Steam or other mail packets under the flagof either of the contracting parties, shall have commencedrunning between their respective ports of entry, the contracting parties agree to receive at the post offices of those ports all mailable matter, and to forward it as directed, the destination being to dome regular post office of either country, charging thereupon the regular postal rate as established by law in the territories of either party receivingsaid mailable matter, in addition to the original postage ofthe office whence the mail as sent. Mails for the UnitedStates shall be made up at regular intervals at the Hawaiian Post Office, and dispatched to ports of the UnitedStates, the postmasters at which ports shall open thesame, and forward the enclosed matter as directed, creditingin the Hawaiian Government with their postages as established by law and stamped upon each manuscript orprinted sheet.
All mailable matter destined for the Hawaiian Islandsshall be received at the several post office in the UnitedStates and forwarded to San Franclsco or other ports onthe Pacific coast of the United States, whence the postmasters shall despatch it by the regular mail packets toHonolulu, the Hawaiian government agreeing on their partto receive and collect for and credit the Post Office Department of the United State with the United States ratescharged thereupon. It shall be optional to prepay the postage on letters in either country, but postage on printedsheets and newspapers shall in all cases be prepaid. Therespective post office department of the contracting parties shall in their accounts, which are to be justified annually, be credited with all dead letters returned.
The present treaty shall be in force from the date of theexchange of the ratification for the term of ten years, andfurther, until the and of twelve months after either of thecontracting parties all have given notice to the other ofits intention to terminate the same, each of the said contracting parties reserving to itself the right of giving such notice at the end of the said term of ten years, or at anysubsequent term.
Any citizen or subject of either party infringing the articles of this treaty shall be held responsible for the sameand the harmony and good correspondence between thetwo governments shall not be interrupted thereby, eachparty engaging in no way to protect the offender or sanction such violation.
The present treaty hall be ratified by the President ofthe United States of America, by and with the advice andconsent of the Senate of said States, , and by His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, by and with the advice of his Privy Council of State, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Honolulu within eighteen monthsfrom the date of its signature, or sooner if possible.In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries havesigned the same in triplicate, and have thereto affixed theirseals. Done at Washington in the English language, thetwentieth day of December, in the year one thousand eighthundred and forty nine.
Mahalo to Sam Monet (monet@hawaii-nation.org) and the Hawaii Resource Library for providing the text of this document.
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